The earliest settlements of primitive man were along the banks of streams, water may have been his first means of transit and boat of sorts, his vehicle.
In the earliest days the Egyptians gathered papyrus reeds from the marshes, Bound them in bundles and tied
the Bundles toghether to from a raft shaped vaguey like the
Hull of morder ship. later they placed a big square bundle of reeds in the middle to serve as a platform to keep them dry. Boats similar in design and construction are used today on lake tana in abyssinia and also on lake Titicaca, 12,000 ft. High in the andes.
The catamaran
The hollowed out tree tunk (dug-out) may have accompanied an improvement in stone implements, or been one of the results of learning how to use fire.
Related to the primitive canoe, which has survived almost unchanged throughout the ages, is the British coracle. The Coracle is of very simple form, Oval in Shape and formed
PLATE 1
One of the ships of the Egyptain
XVIII Dynasty, Circa 1480 B.C
The GYASSAS
Ships Of the cinque ports. Thirteenth Century
During the 13th century fore and aft castles began to be added to the ships for frighting purpose. Shrouds were used to stay the mast so that a fighting top couldbe added. Early in the century the bowsprit came into use, Which served to support a small grapnell and to give a longer lead to the bowlines.
In the second half of the century the streering oar was replaced by the rudder hung amidship on the stern post, which was made straighter, This was one of the greatest inventions in the story of sea going ships.
Of Canvas stretched on a farmework of split and interwoven reeds, well coated with pitch to make it watertight.
The Chinese were amongst the first people to study the craft og boat-building. The Sampan was orginally a raft of three timbers with the force end upturned and it developed into a boat in almost prehistoric times.
The true sampan
The Greek Galley (4th century B.C)
Runs out into rwo rails astern with its timbers rounding up and the built in like a bulkhead (partition extending from side to side) Room being left between the bulkhead and the transom beam bolted across the stern for support and strength for the rudder.
Eygpt has always been a land lacking in timber and her earlier boats were built up of short strips of acacia wood tied or pinned sideways to each other. Developments in structure and form have taken place through the ages with the result that before the advent of the steam ship, the sailing ship with her masts and sails was incomparably the most elaborate and comlicated mechnism evolved by the mind of man. Previous to 4000 B.C sailing ships were being used on the Nile. and Many models of the earliest Egyptain boats (For ceremonial purpose) are still in existence.
Palte I Shows a Ship of the Egyptian 18th Dynasty. The Truss and queen posts strengthen the hull againest hogging strains. The sail is supported by a number of lifts which lead through a series of bees lashed to the masthead. Each yard is formed of two spars lashed together in the middle. This has been as far as is known the normal method of constructing the yards of lateen-sails.
The Assyrian Empire---The vessels of greece and rome---galleys.
In the age of Homeric legend and during the minoan civilisation galleys, or vessels mainly propelled by oars, seem to have been in general use and there is little indication of vessels propelled primary by sails.
Triers, Vessels of three banks of oars, did not become common amongst the greeks until about 500 B.C
and for twohundred years this remained the largest type of vessel afloat. These vessels were built on a keel which extended forward of the stem and formed a strong and soild basis on
Which the ram, just submerged, could be built up. To provide transverse strength a series of ribs was fitted,
Which were connected by transverse deck beams. The keel and skin planking together being insufficient to provide the necessary longtitudinal strength, heavy "Zostres" belts or.....
Plate III
The "SANTA MARIA"
The Carvel "Santa maria" Columbus Flag Ship, a type of vessel developed by the Portuguese in the course of their explorations about africa. She had better lines than the old carriers, sailed faster and manoeuvered better. She was 128ft. long. Despite their small size carvels of less than 100 tons often became famous their seaworthiness on long voyages.
PLATE IV
THE "PRINCE"
The "Prince," A first rate of the regin of charles II, designed By Phineas pett, was launched at chatham in 1670, and two years later carried the flag of the Duke of York, after wards KING JAMES II. The ship carried a maximam crew of 780 men under war conditions, and her maximam arangement was 100 guns.
The "Prince " was provided with nine anchors and three boats.
The men-of-war of the end of the 17th century were remarkable for the amount of carved and gilded work which adorned them. The stren of the "Prince" is closed, without galleries. The mizzen mast is Short in comparsion with the others, while the bowsprit did not project far beyoned the figurehead. The tops were cricular with a well marked rim. The dimension of the "Prince" were were Length of keel 131ft..., beam 45.8ft..., Draught 21.5ft. Wales extending from end to end on the outside of the vessel bound it together, thus preventing the bow and stern from sagging.
Mediterrancean boats were minly carvel built.
The Roman Sailing Ship. 2nd Century A.D
Built with a very definite stem, less pronounced stren post,strong external keel. On each quarter at the upper deck level, was a trough like projection, open at the after end which served to support the steering oars and into which these oars were drawn up and housed when not in use.
The Viking Ship.
The Gokstad, 9th Century A.D This is vessel is a large double-ended opean boat. Is Built of oak, with heavy external keel, high stem and stern post. transerse is provided by a number of frams or ribs.
with the incursions of the Arabs in the 7th centuary the triangular lateen sail seems to have rapidly replaced the square sail, but except for this change, there is little difference between the typically Mediterrancean crafts say of the 9th centuy and the Roman grain ships of 700 years before.
PLATE V
Royal Stuart Yacht
This is a typical one of fourteen yachts buit for king Charls II, Built by Phineas Pett at Woolwich in 1674. She carried a large carving of the Royal Arms on the stern. Yachting was introduced into England by King Charlas II Who took great interest inthe vessels.
These yachts were designed on the lines of a sixth rate Man-of-war, And carried a Half-Sprit or Standing Gaff. Dimensions: Length of keel 56ft..., Lenght if DEck 70 ft..., Breadth 20.3ft..., Depth in hold 8.1ft...Armament eight 3 p'drs.
TWO MASTED SHIPS
In 1418 HEnry V's Grace Dieu, "had mesan in addition to her "Great" mast. The hull of this ship was about 100f.t long, so it is not difficult to understand the need of the second mast. The great increase in size which took place in this regin, up to a maximam of 1000 tons compared with 300 tons in the regin of Edwared III, Must have been bound up with the introduction from the mediterracean of a second or third mast.
Soveregin of the seas (1637)
Sovereign of the seas 1637. Was designed by Phineas Pett, laid down at Woolwich 1636, launched 13th oct...,1637, and showed a considreable advance on any ship which had preceded her. She carried her guns in three tiers.There is no indication of the existences of two or three masted ships in European waters until the beginning of the 15th century.
During the middle ages the usual method od reducing sail seems to have been by means of reef points, whereby a portion of the sail, either top or bottom, could be tied up. Bonnets rectangular pieces of sailcloth, in depth or courses, in such a way that they couldbe easily stripped when the wind freshened.
1761 saw the introdution of copper sheathing of the under-water body of the Frigate "Alam," to combat the ravages of the "Teredo" Which attacked the wooden hull.
The Dutch Man - Of-War , 1665.
If compared with the english Warship "Prince" of that period, the differences will be clearly seen. The dutchvessel has her stern built with a square tuck, pierced by only one row of windows, and the quater galleries are much lower and project much further than in the english ship. In the rigging, variation from the english ship. In the rigging,variation from the english pratice is seen cheaply in the mothod of hoisting the lawer yards, by means of ties led over the specially shaped mastcaps.
DUTCH MAN OF WAR - 1665
The arms on the stern are those of william, prince of orange, after he had been admitted to the order of the grater by his uncle, King Charls II. The Ship carried 70 guns.
PLATE VI
H.M.S VICTORY AT TRAFALGAR
At Trafalgar, in 1805 the "victory" flew the flag of vice admiral Lord Nelson, and it was on her quarter-deck that our great naval hero recived his mortal wound. The "Victory" was built in
1759-65 at Chatham, to the designs of Sir Thomas Slade, and was first commissioned in 1788. Between 1800 and 1803 she was rebuilt with a closed stern,
In place of her open stern with its two galleries. She finished her sea-going service in 1812. The dimensions of the "Victory", when Lord Nelson hoisted his flag, were: Length of Gun-Deck 186ft...
Breadth 51.5ft, Lenght of keel 153.1ft.., Depth in hold 21.5ft..,m Armament, Gun-Deck tirty 32p'drs, Middle-deck twentyweight 24p'drs, Upper-deck thirty 12p'drs, Quarter-deck ten 12p'drs, and Forecastle two 12p'drs.
PLATE VII
BLACKWALL FRIGATE
These vessels were built at Blackwall for the East India trade, to replace the old East Indiamen.
They were designed on finer lines and proved much faster. With a partially rounded steren, in which both stern windows and quarter galleries were retained.
Dimensions, about 900tons, Lenght between perpndiculars 152ft..., Breadth 36ft.., Depth in hold 23ft.walk.
FRENCH 120 gun Ship(1792)
Thus in the essentials of design East Indiamen of 1773 were frigates with increased passanger accommodation. West Indiamen throughout their history were always considerably smaller than the east Indiamen, and even by the end of the century didnot exceed 500 tons.
Eighteen Gun Sloop of War, 1780.
NAVAL CUTTER (18th Century)
In the 18th century the term sloop had two distinct meanings. In the Navy Sloops of war formed a class of vessels inferior to the 6th Rates and included vessels between eighteen and eight Guns. The other significance of the word sloop reffered to "Rig" only, and described a onemasted vessel of a type differing very little from a cutter.
French First rate of 120 Guns of the Last Years of the 18th Century. H.M. Cutter "Flying Fish" had a semi-cricular top replacing the normal cross trees, and a complete set of square sails. The square sail were set only when the wind was right aft, and in effect took the place of the modern
Spinnaker. She carried 60men and was armed with 12 Carronades and 12 Swivel Guns.
Full Rigged Sailing Ship
The 18th century saw the completion and full standardisation of the full-rigged ship in the matter of sails and rigging. The marked changes in design in the early days of 19th century in naval vessels, were concerned mostly with the upper part of the hull.
The round bow built up to forecastle level,was intoduced in 1801. In order that the stern of the ship
might be better armed the circular stern was introduced in 1821. In 1827 the elliptical stern was intoduced. It was not until 1832. that navel vessels were closed in at the waist. The forecastles and upped deck merged changes were intoduced onto men-of-war before 1850 and by that time development of the steam engine and screww propeller advanced so far that no more sailing ships without that, what we now call auxiliary engines, were built for naval purposes.
The largest class of merchant ship was "The East Indiaman." However in contrast to the warships of the period, the sections of the hull were full in the bilage. The east indiamen were nearly wall-sided. The use of iron in place of wood in shipbuilding was introduced by John Laird in 1829.
PLATE VIII
There are two types of thames sailing barges, those for use on the river and those wich ply along the coast. The former from 80 to 180 tons, the latter up to 300 tons. They are more econmical to handle than schooners and draw less water.
PLATE IX
Yaching is a sport in which only the well-to-do can take part, but all can enjoy the thrills of a race, for the course can never be enclosed. Though not so spectacular, the smaller yachts are as attractive and perhaps more winsome than their larger sisters.
1. Flying Jib 19. Main Royal
2. Outer Jib 20. Upper Main Top Gallant Sail
3. Inner Jib 21. Lower Main Top Gallant Sail
4. Force Top-Mast Stay-Sail 22. Main Upper Top Sail
5. Jib-Boom 23. Main lower Top Sail
6. Bow-Sprit 24. Main Sail or Main Course
7. Force Royal 25. Mizzen Top Mast Saty-Sail
8. Upper Force, Top-Gallant Sail 26. Mizzen Royal Stay Sail
9. Upper Fore Top-Gallant Sail 28. Mizzen Royal
10. Lower-Fore Top-Gallant Sail 29. Mizzen Top Gallant Sail
11. Fore Upper Top-Sail 30. Upper Mizzen Top Sail
12. Fore Lower Top-Sail 31. Lower Mizzen Top Sail
13. Fore Sail or Fore Course 32. Cross jack
14. Main Top-Mast Stay Sail 33. Spanker or Driver
15. Main Royal Stay-Sail 34. Spanker Boom
16. Main Top-Gallant Stay Sail
17. Main Mast
18. Main Sky Sail
PLATE XX
Section Through BB
Looking Aft
Section through AA
Looking Forward
STEAM SHIPS
With the advent of the stem engine, many attempts had been made before John Fitch of Philadelphia invented an oar-driven steamer in 1787, but the first to cross the Atlantic was the auxiliary paddle ship "Savannah." She arrived in Liverpool on June 20th, 1819. after a thirty-five days passage, having used her engines only eighteen days.
In 1848 this ocean was crossed in wesrely direction by two British steamships, "Syrius" and "Great Western", which both arrived in NewYork on April 23rd, the former taking eighteen days, the latter fourteen.
The first steamships were really sailing vessels with auxiliary engines, but when higher speeds came to be of greater importance the steam turbine was developed and introduced as an improvement to the reciprocating engine.
The steam turbine is still the most efficent means of speedy ship propulsion. The world-famous Cunard liner "Mauretania", holder of the Blue Riband of the Atlantic for twenty years, was launched in 1907. She was driven by two high-pressure and two low-pressure turbines, and made an Atlantic crossing in 1924 at 26.25 knots. She was broken up in 1935.
The Paddle steamer
On the Thames, the "Royal Eagle", between Tower Pier, London, and the Thames Estuary, is well known to thousands of people.
Trawlers.
The Dogger bank of the north sea hasbeen a celebrated fishing ground for centuries, though of late years fishermen have found other spheres of activity. This has been made possible by the introduction of steam trawlers, with their greater range and the prefecting of the method of producing ice artificially which preserves the catch.
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